Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited condition that causes many fluid-filled cysts to grow in the kidneys. Over time the kidneys enlarge, and kidney function can slowly decline. PKD is one of the most common inherited kidney diseases.
Types of PKD
- Autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD) is the most common type. It usually shows up in adulthood. A parent with ADPKD has a 50 percent chance of passing it to each child.
- Autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD) is rare and usually appears in infants or children.
Symptoms and complications
- High blood pressure, often one of the first signs
- Pain in the back or side, or a feeling of fullness in the belly
- Blood in the urine
- Kidney stones and urinary tract or kidney cyst infections
- Cysts in the liver
- In some families, a higher risk of brain aneurysms
Diagnosis
PKD is usually found with a kidney ultrasound. CT or MRI scans can measure the size of the kidneys, which helps predict how quickly the disease may progress. Genetic testing can help when the diagnosis is unclear or when a family member is being considered as a kidney donor.
Treatment and self-care
- Control blood pressure, often with medicines that also protect the kidneys
- Drink plenty of water unless your doctor has set a fluid limit
- Eat less sodium and keep a healthy weight
- Avoid NSAID pain relievers such as ibuprofen and naproxen unless approved; ask what is safe for pain
- Ask about medicine to slow cyst growth. Some adults whose PKD is likely to progress quickly may benefit from a medicine that slows the growth of cysts. It needs regular blood tests.
- Keep regular visits to check kidney function, blood pressure, and kidney size
Family screening
Because PKD runs in families, your children, brothers, and sisters may want to talk with their doctors about testing. Genetic counseling can help your family understand the options.
Questions to ask at your visit
- How quickly is my PKD likely to progress?
- Am I a candidate for medicine that slows cyst growth?
- Should my family members be tested?
- Do I need screening for brain aneurysms?
This guide is general education and is not a substitute for medical advice. Talk with Dr. Salim or your care team about your own situation. Informed by patient materials from the National Kidney Foundation; learn more at kidney.org.